PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of North America	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian			0.0117
				Chibanian				Lujanian			0.129
				Chibanian				Ensenadan			0.3 *
				Calabrian				Ensenadan			0.774
				Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
				Gelasian				Sanandresian			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean			2.58
				Piacenzian				Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
				Zanclean				Chapadmalalan			3.6
								Montehermosan			3.7 *
								Huayquerian			4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian							5.333
				Tortonian							7.246
								Chasicoan			7.9 *
								Mayoan			9.9 *
								Laventan			10.9 *
				Serravallian				Laventan			11.63
				Serravallian				Colloncuran			13.7 *
				Langhian				Colloncuran			13.82
				Langhian				Friasian			15.4 *
				Burdigalian				Friasian			15.98
								Santacrucian			16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
				Aquitanian				Colhuehuapian			20.44
				Aquitanian				Deseadan			20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
				Rupelian							27.82
				Rupelian				Tinguirirican			28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian				Tinguirirican			33.9
				Priabonian				Divisaderan			35.9 *
				Bartonian							37.71
				Lutetian							41.2
				Lutetian				Mustersan			41.9 *
				Ypresian				Mustersan			47.8
				Ypresian				Casamayoran			47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Riochican			56
								Itaboraian			56.9 *
								Peligran			58.9 *
				Selandian							59.2
				Danian							61.6
				Danian				Tiupampan			62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
				Campanian							72.1
				Santonian							83.6
				Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian							89.8
				Cenomanian							93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
				Aptian							113
				Barremian							121.4
				Hauterivian							125.77
				Valanginian							132.6
				Berriasian							139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
				Kimmeridgian							149.2
				Oxfordian							154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
				Bathonian							165.3
				Bajocian							168.2
				Aalenian							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
				Pliensbachian							184.2
				Sinemurian							192.9
				Hettangian							199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian	Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian	Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean	Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10			Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian			Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian		Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan		Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan		Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4		Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3		Dyeran		514
					Montezuman		514.8 *
					Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †	Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †	Wonokan †			571.7 *
											635