PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of North America		Permian of North America		Permian of China	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Nihewanian								0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Yushean						Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean							Yushean								3.6
		Zanclean							Baodean								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian												Pannonian			7.246
		Tortonian							Tunggurian					Pannonian			11.1
		Serravallian												Sarmatian			11.63
		Serravallian												Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian							Shanwangian								13.82
		Burdigalian							Shanwangian								15.98
		Burdigalian							Xiejiaan								16.9
		Aquitanian							Xiejiaan								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Meishanian									251.902
		Changhsingian						Baoqingian									253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian						Laoshanian								Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Laibinian								Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian		Lengwuan									259.51
		Wordian				Wordian		Kuhfengian									264.28
		Roadian				Roadian		Kuhfengian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian	Luodianian									273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian										281.9 *
		Artinskian	283.5
			Longlinian	285.4 *
				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †		Nealian	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian			Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian	Virgilian				300.1
		Kasimovian	Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian				307
		Moscovian	Atokan				312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan				315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan				318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian				323.2
		Visean	Chesterian				330.9
			Meramecian				335.8 *
			Osagean				343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean				346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian				351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Tremadocian					Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian					Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
								Aksaian			Aksaian		490.7 *
								Sakian			Sakian		492.2 *
												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian	Albertian †	Ayusokkanian			Ayusokkanian	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian										Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian										Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan					Topazan		Amgan/Solvan			Tuesaian		Stage 5 †	504.5
							Topazan								505.3
							Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Waucoban †							509
									Toyonian	Lenian †		Toyonian			510 *
							Dyeran		Toyonian			Toyonian			511 *
									Botomian			Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3													514
							Montezuman								514.8 *
							Montezuman		Atdabanian			Atdabanian			515.6 *
							Begadean		Atdabanian			Atdabanian			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian			Tommotian			521
		Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian							Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †					529
																	538.8