PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Ordovician of China			Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean										Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian										Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
												Hemingfordian						16.3
												Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
		Rupelian												Kekeamuan				27.82
												Whitneyan						29.5
												Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian										Bridgerian			Bumbanian			47.8
												Wasatchian						50.5
												Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Clarkforkian		Gashatan				56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian		Gashatan				56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian										Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian				Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Cautleyan			448.9 *
								Pusgillian			449.3 *
				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				Pusgillian			449.5
							Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
								Streffordian	Berounian			449.7 *
								Cheneyan				451.5 *
								Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Aurelucian							456.8 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
										Liben †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
									Dobrotivian						458.5 *
									Oretanian						459.7 *
								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
										Sarka †					461.7 *
					Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				Sarka †					466.3 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian						Klabava †					467.3
									Arenigian						468
							Arenig	Fennian							468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian				Fennian							470
								Whitlandian							471.1 *
								Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian			Tremadoc	Migneintian	Tremadocian						477.7
						Lianghekou †		Migneintian							477.9 *
								Cressagian							480.8 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian							485.4
		Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian														494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian							497
		Guzhangian														Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian															500.5
		Wuliuan															504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Early Cambrian							Branchian	509
		Stage 3														Branchian	514
		Stage 3														Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian															529
																		538.8