PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Ordovician of Australia	Carboniferous of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Carboniferous of Western Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian				Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean				Early Pliocene					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian				Late Miocene					7.246
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene					11.63
		Langhian				Middle Miocene					13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene					15.98
		Aquitanian				Early Miocene					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian				Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian					Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				168.2
		Bajocian						Humphresianum			168.4
		Aalenian					Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			174.7
							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				180.1
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
		Pliensbachian					Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				184.2
		Sinemurian					Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
		Hettangian					Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †								293.52
		Asselian	Bursumian †						Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	298.9
				Xiaodushanian	300 *
					Stephanian				Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Missourian						Stephanian A	303.7
									Cantabrian	305 *
				Dalaun						305.8 *
			Desmoinesian							305.9 *
		Moscovian								307
					Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
			Atokan						Westphalian C	312.7 *
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
			Morrowan							318.4 *
				Huashibanian						318.5 *
					Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
				Lousuan					Marsdenian	321.2 *
						Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
						Alportian			322 *
						Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	Dewunian		Chokierian			323.2
						Arnsbergian			324 *
						Pendleian			327.4 *
				Shangsian		Pendleian			330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian	Warnantian	Brigantian †			330.9
				Jiusian					335 *
			Meramecian						335.8 *
					Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
			Osagean		Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	Tangbagouan	Ivorian				346.7
			Kinderhookian		Ivorian				351.9 *
			Kinderhookian		Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian	443.8
		Katian					Bolindian	445.2
							Eastonian	449 *
							Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian					Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian					Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian					Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian	470
							Bendigonian	471.8 *
							Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian					Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian					Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
											538.8