PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of Western Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian				100.5
										Middle Albian				106.2 *
										Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian				113
		Aptian								Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian				139.8
										Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
										Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian				174.7
										Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
										Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian								Sevatian				208.5
										Alaunian				213.2 *
										Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian				227
		Carnian								Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian				237
		Ladinian								Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian				242
										Pelsonian				243.8 *
										Bithynian				244.7 *
										Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian								Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan								Dienerian				251.2
		Induan								Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
		Wuchiapingian												254.14
		Wuchiapingian										Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian											Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian										Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian										Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
													Filipovian	276.5 *
													Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian										Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
													Irginian	285.9 *
													Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian										Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *								Sakmarian
		Asselian	Bursumian †	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
					Uskalykian	294.8
					Surenian	297.5
					Surenian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian			Kuzel	298.9
						Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Missourian				Stephanian A	303.7
			Missourian				Cantabrian	305 *
			Desmoinesian					305.9 *
		Moscovian						307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
			Atokan				Westphalian C	312.7 *
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
			Morrowan				Westphalian A	318.4 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian				Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
			Meramecian			Warnantian	Brigantian †	335.8 *
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Osagean			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean			Ivorian		346.7
			Kinderhookian			Ivorian		351.9 *
			Kinderhookian			Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	Ohesaare		419.2
								Cayugan	Kaugetuma		421.7 *
								Niagaran	Kaugetuma		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian							Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian								Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Raikkula		439.4 *
								Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
		Rhuddanian								Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10			Sunwaptan							487.5
		Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan							489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean							493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †							497
		Guzhangian										Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan									504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran									506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †							Branchian	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran									514
				Montezuman									514.8 *
				Montezuman								Placentian	517.1
				Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
														538.8