PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of North America	Carboniferous of Western Europe		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian									0.0117
				Chibanian				Sheridanian									0.129
				Chibanian				Cudahyan/Sappan									0.21
				Calabrian				Cudahyan/Sappan									0.774
				Calabrian				Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
				Zanclean													3.6
				Zanclean				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									4.7
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Tortonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
				Serravallian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									11.63
				Serravallian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
									Monroecreekian								23.1 *
									Geringian								24.7 *
				Rupelian					Geringian								27.82
				Rupelian													29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									33.9
				Priabonian													37
				Bartonian													37.71
				Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
				Lutetian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
				Ypresian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							56
				Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							56.2
				Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							59.2
				Selandian						To3/To2/To1							60.9
				Danian						To3/To2/To1							61.6
				Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Pliensbachian													184.2
				Sinemurian													192.9
				Hettangian													199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian													208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Midian	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian	Midian	264.28
			Wordian	Wordian	Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian	Roadian	Murgabian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kubergandian	273.01
					Cathedralian	Bolorian	279.8
					Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian				283.5
						Yakhtashian	286
				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	Yakhtashian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian		Lenoxian	Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian		Bursumian †	Nealian	Asselian				293.52
			Asselian		Bursumian †	Nealian	Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian							Kuzel	298.9
											Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
												Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A			301.4 *
			Kasimovian	Missourian					Stephanian A			303.7
				Missourian					Cantabrian			305 *
				Desmoinesian								305.9 *
			Moscovian									307
									Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
											Westphalian C	309.8
				Atokan							Westphalian C	312.7 *
											Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					315.2			Westphalian B
								Westphalian A			317 *
				Morrowan				Westphalian A			318.4 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
									Marsdenian		320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
									Alportian		322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian					Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean					Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Meramecian				Warnantian	Brigantian †	335.8 *
								Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
								Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
				Osagean				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean				Ivorian		346.7
				Kinderhookian				Ivorian		351.9 *
				Kinderhookian				Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
			Pragian							Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Kosovian	443.8
			Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian								Berounian		449.7 *
Sandbian			453
			Zahorany †/Vinice										Letna †	456.2 *
			Liben †											458 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian												458.4
											Dobrotivian			458.5 *
											Oretanian			459.7 *
			Sarka †											461.7 *
		Dapingian	Klabava †											467.3
		Dapingian									Arenigian			468
Early Ordovician		Floian									Arenigian			470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	Tremadocian											477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			509
	Series 2	Stage 3			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †							Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran					Vendian †							Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian													Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian													Karatau	1000
		Stenian													Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian													Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian													Burzyan	1375
																	1400