PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of the Baltic				Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Salt Range
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian			100.5
									Middle Albian			106.2 *
									Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian			113
		Aptian							Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian			139.8
									Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
									Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian							Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian			174.7
									Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
									Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian							Sevatian			208.5
									Alaunian			213.2 *
									Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian							Tuvalian			227
		Carnian							Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Longobardian			237
		Ladinian							Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian							Illyrian			242
									Pelsonian			243.8 *
									Bithynian			244.7 *
									Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian							Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan							Dienerian			251.2
									Griesbachian			251.4 *
									Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Buntsandstein							Kathwai	251.902
												252.4 *
											Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian									Chhidru	254.14
											Kalabagh	255 *
											Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller								259.51
		Wordian		Leine								264.28
												265.3 *
											Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian									Amb	266.9
		Roadian										270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian	Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian		323.2
		Visean	Chesterian		330.9
			Meramecian		335.8 *
			Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Pirgu	445.2
						Vormsi	449.6 *
						Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
					Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
						Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian				Keila	Idavere †	453
						Haljala		453.9
						Kukruse		456.4 *
						Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku		458.4
						Lasnamagi		458.9 *
						Aseri		460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
							Latorp †			470.1 *
						Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg			477.7
						Varangu			481.3 *
						Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort			485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							486.3 *
												486.5