PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of North America	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian of France	Carboniferous Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Lujanian					0.0117
				Chibanian								Lujanian					0.129
				Chibanian								Ensenadan					0.3 *
				Calabrian								Ensenadan					0.774
				Calabrian								Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
				Gelasian								Sanandresian					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Vorohuean					2.58
				Piacenzian								Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
				Zanclean								Chapadmalalan					3.6
												Montehermosan					3.7 *
												Huayquerian					4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
												Chasicoan					7.9 *
												Mayoan					9.9 *
												Laventan					10.9 *
				Serravallian								Laventan					11.63
				Serravallian								Colloncuran					13.7 *
				Langhian								Colloncuran					13.82
				Langhian								Friasian					15.4 *
				Burdigalian								Friasian					15.98
												Santacrucian					16.2 *
												Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
				Aquitanian								Colhuehuapian					20.44
				Aquitanian								Deseadan					20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
				Rupelian													27.82
				Rupelian								Tinguirirican					28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian								Tinguirirican					33.9
				Priabonian								Divisaderan					35.9 *
				Bartonian													37.71
				Lutetian													41.2
				Lutetian								Mustersan					41.9 *
				Ypresian								Mustersan					47.8
				Ypresian								Casamayoran					47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Riochican					56
												Itaboraian					56.9 *
												Peligran					58.9 *
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
				Danian								Tiupampan					62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan								145
				Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan								149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan								150
									Heterian								154.5
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Callovian					Temaikan								164.3
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
Herangi				Toarcian	Ururoan	176
				Pliensbachian	Ururoan	184.2
				Pliensbachian	Aratauran	188.9
				Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian		Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
			Carnian		Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
					Puruhauan	254.2
					Puruhauan	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian	Aparima		Flettian	259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian			Flettian	264.28
			Wordian	Urzhumian			Barettian	266
			Roadian	Kazanian		Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian		Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Irenian/Ufimian	Mangapirian	276
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
						Sarginian	Telfordian	285
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
						Burtsevian		288.5
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Bursumian †		Asselian		Shikhanian	293.52
								Uskalykian	294.8
								Surenian	297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian	Missourian						303.7
			Kasimovian	Desmoinesian						305.9 *
			Moscovian	Desmoinesian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Moscovian	Atokan					Middle Pennsylvanian	312.7 *
			Bashkirian	Atokan					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
			Bashkirian	Morrowan					Early Pennsylvanian	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian					Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean	Chesterian					Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Meramecian						335.8 *
				Osagean						343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean					Early Mississippian	346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian					Early Mississippian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Couvinien		Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian										Siegen	407.6
			Pragian						Coblencien				Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian						Gedinnine				Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli												419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
		Ludlow	Gorstian											425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian											427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian											430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
			Aeronian											438.5
			Rhuddanian											440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											443.8
			Katian											445.2
			Sandbian											453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian											467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian											470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian											477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
Drumian			500.5
Wuliuan			504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	509
Series 2		Stage 3	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian													Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian													Karatau	1000
		Stenian													Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian													Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian													Burzyan	1375
																	1400