PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †													2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian						Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian						Clarendonian									11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
								Hemingfordian									16.3
								Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
								Whitneyan									29.5
								Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian						Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian									47.8
								Wasatchian									50.5
								Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian									56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian						Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian										66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic										100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian					Neocomian										125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †			298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Kosovian	443.8
		Katian									Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice			Letna †		456.2 *
								Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
				Dobrotivian									458.5 *
				Oretanian									459.7 *
								Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian									468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian				Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian			Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan							485.4
		Stage 10						Festiniogian							489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													489.5
				Aksaian											490.7 *
				Sakian											492.2 *
								Maentwrogian							493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †			Ayusokkanian	St Davids								497
		Guzhangian														499.5
		Drumian					Zhanaarykian									500.5
		Drumian					Tuesaian									503
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †				Tuesaian									504.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †													505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai								509
							Toyonian									510 *
							Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian									514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian									515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian									521
		Stage 2														525.5
		Fortunian														529
																	538.8