PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages	Devonian Subages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian			Pannonian					7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian	Pannonian					9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian	Sarmatian					11.63
				Barstovian	Sarmatian					12.5
					Badenian					12.8 *
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
				Hemingfordian						16.3
				Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan			27.82
				Whitneyan						29.5
				Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian				Bumbanian		47.8
				Wasatchian						50.5
				Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian			Gashatan			56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian			Gashatan			56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian		Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Senonian	66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Gallic	100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian							Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †			298.9
		Kasimovian	Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian			305.9
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian	358.9
					Middle Famennian	365.3 *
					Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian	372.2
					Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
					Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian	383.7 *
					Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian			489.5
					Aksaian			490.7 *
					Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian						494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan			509
					Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
					Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian			514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian			521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
										538.8