PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian Epochs	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of China	Obsolete Precambrian Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran			Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian								Rancholabrean	0.129
												Irvingtonian	0.21
									Castlecliffian				0.34
				Calabrian									0.774
												Blancan	1.4
									Nukumaruan				1.63
				Gelasian					Nukumaruan				1.8
				Gelasian					Mangapanian				2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian				2.58
				Piacenzian					Waipipian				3
				Zanclean					Waipipian				3.6
									Opoitian				3.7
									Opoitian			Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
				Messinian					Tongaporutuan				7.2
				Tortonian									7.246
												Clarendonian	9.4
								Southland	Waiauan				11.04
				Serravallian									11.63
												Barstovian	12.5
									Lillburnian				13.05
				Langhian					Lillburnian				13.82
									Clifdenian				15.1
								Pareora	Altonian				15.9
				Burdigalian									15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
									Otaian				18.7
				Aquitanian					Otaian				20.44
				Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian				21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian				23.03
									Duntroonian				25.2
									Whaingaroan				27.3
				Rupelian									27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian	33.9
								Arnold	Runangan				34.6
									Kaiatan				36.7
												Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian									37.71
									Bortonian				39.1
												Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian									41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
									Heretaungan				45.7
												Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian									47.8
									Mangaorapan				48.9
									Mangaorapan			Wasatchian	50.5
									Waipawan			Wasatchian	52
									Waipawan			Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian			Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian								Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian								Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian								Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian								Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian								Puercan	63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian				86.3
			Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian		Korangan		113
			Aptian				117.5
			Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				168.2
			Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
			Pliensbachian				184.2
			Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian				199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Melekhovian	Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian					Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian					Laibinian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian					Kuhfengian	264.28
			Wordian				Noginskian		264.9 *
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian	273.01
			Kungurian				Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
			Artinskian						283.5
								Longlinian	285.4 *
							Rusavkinian		287.6 *
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian					Zisongian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian	Mapingian †	298.9
			Gzhelian							300.1
			Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian			303.7
							Khamovnikian			304.8
							Krevyakinian			305.8 *
							Krevyakinian			305.9
			Moscovian				Myachkovian			307
							Podolskian			308.9 *
							Kashirian			311.4 *
							Vereian			313.8
							Melekessian			314.8
			Bashkirian			315.2	Melekessian
						Cheremshanian	316.9 *
						Prikamian	318.6 *
						Severokeltmian	319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
						Voznesenian	321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	323.2
						Protvian	324.4 *
						Steshevian	326.8 *
						Tarusian	329 *
			Visean			Venevian	330.9
						Mikhailovian	331.9 *
						Aleksinian	333.7 *
						Tulian	335.8 *
						Bobrikian	339.9 *
					Radaevkian	343.4 *
			Tournaisian		Kosvian	346.7
					Kizelian	350.7 *
					Cherepetian	351.9 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran		514
					Montezuman		514.8 *
					Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Wonokan †			571.7 *
													635