PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian Subages	Cambrian of China		Mesozoic Subages
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Tertiary †								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian		100.5
													Middle Albian		106.2 *
													Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian		113
		Aptian											Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian		139.8
													Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
													Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan								Late Kimmeridgian		150
					Ohauan								Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
					Heterian								Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian											Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian											Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian											Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian											Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Late Toarcian		174.7
				Herangi	Ururoan								Late Toarcian		176
													Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
													Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian											Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian											Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian											Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian										201.4
		Norian			Warepan								Sevatian		208.5
													Alaunian		213.2 *
													Lacian		216.7 *
					Otamitan										217
					Oretian										221
		Carnian			Oretian								Tuvalian		227
				Gore	Kaihikuan								Tuvalian		227.5
			Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
			Longobardian		Etalian	238
			Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
			Aegean		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
			Smithian			248.9 *
			Smithian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Griesbachian			251.4 *
			Griesbachian	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian		Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan		Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian						264.28
			Noginskian					264.9 *
					Barettian			266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
					Mangapirian			276
			Pavlovoposadian					276.8 *
		Artinskian						283.5
					Telfordian			285
			Rusavkinian		Telfordian			287.6 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
								Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian								303.7
			Khamovnikian								304.8
			Khamovnikian							Cantabrian	305 *
			Krevyakinian								305.8 *
			Krevyakinian								305.9
		Moscovian	Myachkovian								307
			Myachkovian					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
			Podolskian							Westphalian D	308.9 *
			Podolskian							Westphalian C	309.8
			Kashirian								311.4 *
			Vereian								313.8
			Vereian							Westphalian B	314.6
			Melekessian								314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian								315.2
			Cheremshanian								316.9 *
			Cheremshanian							Westphalian A	317 *
			Prikamian							Westphalian A	318.6 *
			Prikamian					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
			Severokeltmian							Yeadonian	319.9 *
			Severokeltmian							Marsdenian	320.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian							Marsdenian	321.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
			Voznesenian							Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian							Chokierian	323.2
			Zapaltjubian							Arnsbergian	324 *
			Protvian								324.4 *
			Steshevian								326.8 *
			Steshevian							Pendleian	327.4 *
			Tarusian							Pendleian	329 *
		Visean	Venevian					Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
			Mikhailovian								331.9 *
			Aleksinian								333.7 *
			Tulian								335.8 *
			Tulian					Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
			Bobrikian					Livian		Asbian †	339.9 *
			Bobrikian					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Radaevkian					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian					Ivorian			346.7
			Kizelian								350.7 *
			Cherepetian			351.9 *
			Cherepetian			Hastarian		353.7 *
			Karakubian					354.4 *
			Upinian					356.3 *
			Malevkian				357.6 *
			Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian		358.9
						Middle Famennian		365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian		372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian		382.7
						Middle Givetian		383.7 *
						Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian				Paibian			494
		Paibian				Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †		497
		Drumian						Drumian	Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †	Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Duyunian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3							Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian							Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian			530.7
															538.8