PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian Subages	Cambrian of North America
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Tertiary †					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian												11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian								66
		Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan									145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan									150
					Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan									176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan									184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran									188.9
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian									201.4
		Norian			Warepan									208.5
					Otamitan									217
					Oretian									221
		Carnian			Oretian									227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan									227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan									237
		Ladinian			Etalian									238
		Anisian			Etalian									242
		Anisian			Malakovian									246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian									247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian									249
		Induan			Nelsonian									251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan									251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan									251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian									253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian			Zechstein		Longtanian †				254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan			Zechstein		Longtanian †				254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian			Rotliegendes						259.51
		Wordian	264.28		Flettian
		Wordian	Barettian		266
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian	Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian	Mangapirian		Autunian		283.5
			Telfordian				285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †		Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †						303.7
		Kasimovian									305.9
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian				307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian				330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Late Famennian		358.9
						Middle Famennian			365.3 *
						Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian			372.2
						Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
						Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian			382.7
						Middle Givetian			383.7 *
						Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian			410.8
						Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian									Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †	Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3									Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
														538.8