PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian Subages of Germany	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							0
				Northgrippian							0.0042
				Greenlandian							0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian			0.0117
				Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene		Sheridanian			0.129
				Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene		Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
				Calabrian		Early Pleistocene		Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
				Calabrian				Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
				Gelasian							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene					2.58
				Zanclean		Early Pliocene					3.6
				Zanclean		Early Pliocene		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene					5.333
				Tortonian							7.246
				Tortonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
				Serravallian		Middle Miocene		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
				Serravallian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
				Langhian							13.82
				Burdigalian		Early Miocene					15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
				Aquitanian							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene					23.03
									Monroecreekian		23.1 *
									Geringian		24.7 *
				Rupelian		Early Oligocene			Geringian		27.82
				Rupelian		Early Oligocene					29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
				Priabonian		Late Eocene					37
				Bartonian		Middle Eocene					37.71
				Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
				Lutetian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
				Ypresian		Early Eocene		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
				Thanetian		Late Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
				Selandian		Middle Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
				Selandian		Middle Paleocene				To3/To2/To1	60.9
				Danian		Early Paleocene				To3/To2/To1	61.6
				Danian		Early Paleocene				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
				Campanian							72.1
				Santonian							83.6
				Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian							89.8
				Cenomanian							93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
				Aptian							113
				Barremian							121.4
				Hauterivian							125.77
				Valanginian							132.6
				Berriasian							139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
				Kimmeridgian							149.2
				Oxfordian							154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
				Bathonian							165.3
				Bajocian							168.2
				Aalenian							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
				Pliensbachian							184.2
				Sinemurian							192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian	Leine	264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †		298.9
			Kasimovian		Mapingian †		303.7
			Kasimovian				305.9
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
			Drumian			500.5
			Wuliuan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			509
		Series 2	Stage 3			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					538.8
		Cryogenian					635
		Tonian					720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					1000
		Ectasian					1200
		Calymmian					1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian					1600
		Orosirian					1800
		Rhyacian					2050
		Siderian					2300
Archean	Neoarchean						2500
	Mesoarchean						2800
	Paleoarchean						3200
	Eoarchean						3600
Hadean							4000
											4600