PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of Britain		Permian of North America		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of the Baltic	South American Land Mammal Ages		Silurian Ages of Europe	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian										Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian										Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian										Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian										Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian										Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian										Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean										Chapadmalalan				3.6
												Montehermosan				3.7 *
												Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
												Chasicoan				7.9 *
												Mayoan				9.9 *
												Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian										Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian										Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian										Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian										Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian										Friasian				15.98
												Santacrucian				16.2 *
												Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian										Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian										Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian										Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian										Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian										Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian										Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian										Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian										Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Riochican				56
												Itaboraian				56.9 *
												Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
		Danian										Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Senonian						66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Gallic						100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian								Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian						Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites								168.2
		Bajocian							Humphresianum							168.4
		Aalenian						Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense							174.7
								Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons								180.1
								Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum								182
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni	184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †			298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	Gleedonian			427.4
							Jaagarahu	Gleedonian			429.2 *
								Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani				433.4
		Telychian					Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian								Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian										453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
										Dobrotivian				458.5 *
										Oretanian				459.7 *
											Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †		467.3
		Dapingian								Arenigian	468
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Arenigian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				485.4
		Stage 10	Festiniogian								489.2 *
		Jiangshanian	Festiniogian								489.5
		Jiangshanian	Maentwrogian								493.1 *
		Paibian	Maentwrogian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids								497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai								509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
																538.8