PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic			Silurian Ages of Europe	Devonian of Germany
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian								66
				Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian											208.5
				Carnian											227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian						247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan					Vokhmian						251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian						254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian						259.51
				Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian						264.28
				Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
				Artinskian											283.5
				Sakmarian											290.1
				Asselian											293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †										298.9
				Kasimovian	Mapingian †										303.7
				Kasimovian											305.9
				Moscovian											307
				Bashkirian											315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian											323.2
				Visean											330.9
				Tournaisian											346.7
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian										Adorf	372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian										Givetian	382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian										Eifelian	387.7
			Early Devonian	Emsian										Emsian	393.3
				Pragian										Siegen	407.6
				Lochkovian										Gedinnine	410.8
		Silurian	Pridoli												419.2
			Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
			Ludlow	Gorstian											425.6
			Wenlock	Homerian									Gleedonian		427.4
				Homerian									Whitwellian		429.7 *
				Sheinwoodian											430.5
			Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
				Aeronian											438.5
				Rhuddanian											440.8
		Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni				443.8
Katian				Pirgu		445.2
				Vormsi		449.6 *
				Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
				Viru			Rakvere	450.6 *
							Oandu	452 *
Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
						Haljala		453.9
						Kukruse		456.4 *
						Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
Middle Ordovician			Darriwilian			Uhaku		458.4
						Lasnamagi		458.9 *
						Aseri		460.4 *
				Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
			Dapingian			Volkhov				467.3
			Dapingian			Billingen				469.3 *
Early Ordovician			Floian							470
							Latorp †			470.1 *
						Hunneberg				473.7 *
			Tremadocian			Hunneberg				Ungurian	477.7
						Varangu					481.3 *
						Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort	Batyrbaian				485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
			Jiangshanian								489.5
							Aksaian				490.7 *
							Sakian				492.2 *
			Paibian				Sakian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian				497
			Ayusokkanian				Arcadian				498.4
											499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian								500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian								503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian						504.5
		Wuliuan							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4					Branchian		509
			Toyonian						510 *
			Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian						514
			Atdabanian		515.6 *
			Atdabanian		Placentian		517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian				521
		Stage 2					525.5
		Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
															1400