PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of China		South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian										Lujanian		0.129
												Ensenadan		0.3 *
							Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian					Castlecliffian							0.774
							Nukumaruan							1.63
												Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian												1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Vorohuean		2.58
												Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
							Waipipian							3
		Zanclean					Waipipian							3.6
							Opoitian					Montehermosan		3.7 *
							Opoitian					Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
												Chasicoan		7.9 *
												Mayoan		9.9 *
												Laventan		10.9 *
						Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian					Waiauan							11.63
							Lillburnian							13.05
												Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian												13.82
							Clifdenian							15.1
							Clifdenian					Friasian		15.4 *
						Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian												15.98
												Santacrucian		16.2 *
												Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
							Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian												20.44
												Deseadan		20.9 *
						Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian							23.03
							Duntroonian							25.2
							Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian										Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
						Arnold	Runangan							34.6
							Runangan					Divisaderan		35.9 *
							Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian					Kaiatan							37.71
		Bartonian					Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian												41.2
												Mustersan		41.9 *
						Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
							Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian												47.8
												Casamayoran		47.9 *
							Mangaorapan							48.9
							Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian					Riochican		56
												Itaboraian		56.9 *
												Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian										Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan	150
							Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian					Oretian	227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
		Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian					Flettian	264.28
		Wordian					Barettian	266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian	283.5
							Telfordian	285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †			298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian						305.9
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Merioneth				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
								Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Sunwaptan	487.5
								Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian			489.5
											Steptoean	493 *
								Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian							Paibian			494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †				St Davids		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian							Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran							Wuliuan/Taijangian		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †				Caerfai		Duyunian		509
		Stage 4	Dyeran							Duyunian		511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran							Nangaoian		514
			Montezuman									514.8 *
			Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian								Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian								Jinnigian		530.7
														538.8