PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of North America						Precambrian of Russia	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian														Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Calabrian														Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Gelasian														Early Pleistocene	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Late Pliocene	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean														Early Pliocene	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian														Late Miocene	7.246
				Serravallian														Middle Miocene	11.63
				Langhian														Middle Miocene	13.82
				Burdigalian														Early Miocene	15.98
				Aquitanian														Early Miocene	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Late Oligocene	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian														Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														Late Eocene	33.9
				Bartonian														Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian														Middle Eocene	41.2
				Ypresian														Early Eocene	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian														Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian														Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian														Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
				Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
				Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
				Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
				Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
				Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian						100.5
													Middle Albian						106.2 *
													Early Albian						109.9 *
				Aptian									Late Aptian						113
				Aptian									Early Aptian						119.5 *
				Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
				Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
				Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
				Berriasian									Late Berriasian						139.8
													Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
													Early Berriasian						142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
				Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
				Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
				Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
				Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
				Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
				Bajocian									Late Bajocian						168.2
				Bajocian									Early Bajocian						168.6 *
				Aalenian									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian						174.7
													Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
													Early Toarcian						182.9 *
				Pliensbachian									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
				Sinemurian									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
				Hettangian									Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian									Sevatian						208.5
													Alaunian						213.2 *
													Lacian						216.7 *
				Carnian									Tuvalian						227
				Carnian									Julian						233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian									Longobardian						237
				Ladinian									Fassanian						239.7 *
				Anisian									Illyrian						242
Pelsonian					243.8 *
Bithynian					244.7 *
Aegean					245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †	298.9
			Gzhelian			Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian			Xiaodushanian	303.7
						Dalaun	305.8 *
							305.9
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
						Huashibanian	318.5 *
						Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian			Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean			Shangsian	330.9
			Visean			Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian			Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian				Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian						Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
			Dapingian									467.3
			Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
												Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Stage 10														Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian															489.5
														Aksaian				490.7 *
														Sakian				492.2 *
																	Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian															494
			Paibian													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †									Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian											Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian											Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan										Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran													506.5
Series 2		Stage 4		Waucoban †												509
													Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
			Dyeran										Toyonian			511 *
													Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3														514
			Montezuman													514.8 *
			Montezuman										Atdabanian			515.6 *
			Begadean										Atdabanian			519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2			Tommotian								521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian								Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian													538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian			Karatau													800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian			Karatau													1000
		Stenian			Yurmatian													1100
		Ectasian			Yurmatian													1200
		Ectasian			Burzyan	1375
																			1400