PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of North America						Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of Australia	Permian Subages of Germany	Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							Senonian	66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian							Gallic	100.5
										Middle Albian								106.2 *
										Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian								113
		Aptian								Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian								139.8
										Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
										Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian								174.7
										Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
										Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian								Sevatian								208.5
										Alaunian								213.2 *
										Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian								227
		Carnian								Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian								237
		Ladinian								Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian								242
										Pelsonian								243.8 *
										Bithynian								244.7 *
										Aegean								245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Spathian								247.2
		Olenekian								Smithian								248.9 *
		Induan								Dienerian								251.2
		Induan								Griesbachian								251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												Buntsandstein				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												Buntsandstein				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												Ohre/Aller				259.51
		Wordian												Leine				264.28
		Roadian																266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																273.01
		Artinskian																283.5
		Sakmarian																290.1
		Asselian																293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †													Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Gzhelian													Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian													Xiaodushanian			303.7
															Dalaun			305.8 *
																		305.9
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Serpukhovian		Shangsian	Late Mississippian	330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Visean		Jiusian	Middle Mississippian	335 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
								Edenian			450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian			453
								Turinian			453.7 *
							Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean					477.7
								Stairsian					480.3 *
								Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Late Cambrian		Datsonian	485.4
															Payntonian	486.8 *
															Payntonian	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Iverian	489.5
		Paibian													Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Middle Cambrian		Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian													Boomerangian	499
		Drumian													Undillan	500.5
		Drumian													Floran	503
		Wuliuan								Templetonian					504.5
		Wuliuan								Ordian					507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4								Ordian			Early Cambrian		509
		Stage 4													510.8 *
		Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																		538.8