PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America							Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene	Tarantian											0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Ionian											0.129
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene												0.774
		Gelasian			Early Pleistocene												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene												2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean			Early Pliocene												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian			Late Miocene												7.246
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene												11.63
		Langhian			Middle Miocene												13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene												15.98
		Aquitanian			Early Miocene												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene										Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian			Middle Eocene												41.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene											Bumbanian	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene										Gashatan		56
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras									168.2
		Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
		Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
								Planulata									179.3 *
								Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi							179.8 *
								Kanense									181.3 *
								Carlottense									182.3 *
								Kunae									183.5 *
		Pliensbachian						Kunae									184.2
								Freboldi									185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras								186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras								189.2 *
								Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis								190.3 *
		Sinemurian															192.9
								Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras							196.4 *
								Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
		Hettangian						Franziceras/Euphyllites									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian				443.8
		Katian					Gamachian				445.2
							Richmondian				446 *
					Eastonian		Richmondian				449 *
							Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian					450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
					Gisbornian							452 *
		Sandbian										453
							Turinian					453.7 *
						Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian			Yapeenian								467.3
					Castlemainian								468.5 *
					Castlemainian		Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
					Bendigonian				471.8 *
					Lancefieldian				473.5 *
							Tulean	473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean	477.7
							Stairsian	480.3 *
							Skullrockian	Demingian †	482 *
					Warendian			Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
																	487.5