PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian													Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian													Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Tertiary †								2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean													Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian													Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian												Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian													Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Cenozoic 4		23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian												Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian												Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian													Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian													Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian													Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian													Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian													Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian			Cretaceous 4		100.5
											Middle Albian					106.2 *
											Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian			Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian									Early Aptian			Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian			Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian					139.8
											Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
											Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6		145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5		149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †		Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †				303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian					Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean					Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu		445.2
									Vormsi		449.6 *
									Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
				Oandu					452 *
		Sandbian		Keila					Idavere †	Ordovician 4	453
				Haljala							453.9
				Kukruse							456.4 *
				Uhaku					Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku						Ordovician 3	458.4
				Lasnamagi							458.9 *
				Aseri							460.4 *
				Oeland				Kunda			462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
								Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov		Ordovician 2		467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
									Latorp †			470.1 *
								Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg		Ordovician 1		477.7
								Varangu				481.3 *
								Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort		Cambrian 5		485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †		Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian										Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †						Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								509		Cambrian 3
	Series 2	Stage 3								Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								Cambrian 1		529
																538.8