PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian of China		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian of Eastern North America		South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian												Lujanian				0.129
														Ensenadan				0.3 *
																	Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian															Castlecliffian	0.774
																	Nukumaruan	1.63
														Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian																1.8
		Gelasian															Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Vorohuean				2.58
														Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
																	Waipipian	3
		Zanclean															Waipipian	3.6
														Montehermosan			Opoitian	3.7 *
														Huayquerian			Opoitian	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian															Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
														Chasicoan				7.9 *
														Mayoan				9.9 *
														Laventan				10.9 *
																Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian															Waiauan	11.63
																	Lillburnian	13.05
														Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian																13.82
																	Clifdenian	15.1
														Friasian			Clifdenian	15.4 *
																Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian																15.98
														Santacrucian				16.2 *
														Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
																	Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian																20.44
														Deseadan				20.9 *
																Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															Waitakian	23.03
																	Duntroonian	25.2
																	Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
		Rupelian												Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
																Arnold	Runangan	34.6
														Divisaderan			Runangan	35.9 *
																	Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian															Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian															Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian																41.2
														Mustersan				41.9 *
																Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
																	Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian																47.8
														Casamayoran				47.9 *
																	Mangaorapan	48.9
																	Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Riochican			Teurian	56
														Itaboraian				56.9 *
														Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
		Danian												Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic		Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian				Korangan	113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
									Cantabrian	305 *
										305.9
		Moscovian								307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
			Alportian						322 *
			Chokierian						323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chokierian						323.2
			Arnsbergian						324 *
			Pendleian						327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian				Brigantian †		330.9
			Livian				Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian						346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian						353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							West Fallsian/Sonyean	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Pragian							Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan						445.2
					Cautleyan						448.9 *
					Pusgillian						449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian						Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan							451.5 *
					Burrellian							452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian						Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian						Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn								458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian								468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian								470
					Whitlandian								471.1 *
					Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian								477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian								480.8 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian											Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian											Paibian		494
		Paibian											Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian						Drumian					500.5	Wangcunian †
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Duyunian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3						Nangaoian						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Meishucunian						521
		Fortunian						Meishucunian						529
		Fortunian						Jinnigian						530.7
																		538.8