PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian										Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian										Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian										Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
					Planulata								179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
					Kanense								181.3 *
					Carlottense								182.3 *
					Kunae								183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae								184.2
					Freboldi								185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
		Sinemurian											192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes					259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian				264.9 *
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian				276.8 *
		Artinskian	Autunian	Pavlovoposadian				283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian				287.6 *
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †					Kuzel		298.9
								Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian							303.7
				Khamovnikian							304.8
				Khamovnikian						Cantabrian	305 *
				Krevyakinian							305.8 *
				Krevyakinian							305.9
		Moscovian		Myachkovian							307
				Myachkovian				Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
				Podolskian						Westphalian D	308.9 *
				Podolskian						Westphalian C	309.8
				Kashirian							311.4 *
				Vereian							313.8
				Vereian						Westphalian B	314.6
				Melekessian							314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian							315.2
				Cheremshanian							316.9 *
				Cheremshanian						Westphalian A	317 *
				Prikamian						Westphalian A	318.6 *
				Prikamian				Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
				Severokeltmian						Yeadonian	319.9 *
				Severokeltmian						Marsdenian	320.2 *
				Krasnopolyanian						Marsdenian	321.2 *
				Krasnopolyanian						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
				Voznesenian						Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian						Chokierian	323.2
				Zapaltjubian						Arnsbergian	324 *
				Protvian							324.4 *
				Steshevian							326.8 *
				Steshevian						Pendleian	327.4 *
				Tarusian						Pendleian	329 *
		Visean		Venevian				Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
				Mikhailovian							331.9 *
				Aleksinian							333.7 *
				Tulian							335.8 *
				Tulian				Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
				Bobrikian				Livian		Asbian †	339.9 *
				Bobrikian				Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
				Radaevkian		343.4 *		Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian
		Tournaisian		Kosvian		Ivorian				346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Cherepetian	Hastarian	353.7 *
				Karakubian		354.4 *
				Upinian		356.3 *
				Malevkian		357.6 *
				Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan				Late Cambrian		485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian				Albertian †		Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian	Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran				Waucoban †		Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran							514
			Montezuman							514.8 *
			Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
													538.8