PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of North America		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian											0.129
		Chibanian								Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian								Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian								Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian								Waipipian			3
		Zanclean								Waipipian			3.6
		Zanclean								Opoitian			3.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian								Tongaporutuan			7.246
		Tortonian							Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian								Waiauan			11.63
		Serravallian								Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian			13.82
										Clifdenian			15.1
									Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian								Altonian			15.98
		Burdigalian								Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian								Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian			23.03
										Duntroonian			25.2
										Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
									Arnold	Runangan			34.6
										Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian								Kaiatan			37.71
		Bartonian								Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian								Bortonian			41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
										Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian								Heretaungan			47.8
										Mangaorapan			48.9
										Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Teurian			56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian								Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian								Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
										Mangaotanean			90.5
										Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian								Arowhanan			93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
										Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Motuan			100.5
										Urutawan			103.3
									Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian								Korangan			113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian				Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †				303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Couvinien			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									Emsian	393.3
		Pragian									Siegen	407.6
		Pragian						Coblencien			Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
		Guzhangian	Arcadian							498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian							509
		Stage 3	Branchian							514
		Stage 3	Placentian							517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
													538.8