PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Central Paratethys Stages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Tarantian				0.0117
				Chibanian								Ionian				0.129
				Calabrian												0.774
				Gelasian						MN 17						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						MN 16						2.58
				Piacenzian						MN 15						3.2
				Zanclean						MN 15						3.6
										MN 14						4.2
										MN 13						4.9
			Miocene	Messinian						MN 13						5.333
				Tortonian						MN 12					Pannonian	7.246
										MN 11						7.75
										MN 10						8.7
										MN 9						9.7
										MN 7 + 8						11.1
				Serravallian						MN 7 + 8					Sarmatian	11.63
				Serravallian						MN 6					Badenian	12.8 *
				Langhian						MN 5						13.82
				Burdigalian						MN 4						15.98
										MN 3						16.9
										MN 2						20
				Aquitanian						MN 2						20.44
				Aquitanian						MN 1						22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
				Bartonian												37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Ypresian												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
				Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian										100.5
						Middle Albian										106.2 *
						Early Albian										109.9 *
				Aptian		Late Aptian										113
				Aptian		Early Aptian										119.5 *
				Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian		Late Berriasian										139.8
						Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
						Early Berriasian										142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
				Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
				Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
				Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian		Late Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
						Late Bajocian								Humphresianum		168.4
						Early Bajocian								Humphresianum		168.6 *
				Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
						Late Toarcian										180.1
						Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum					182	Middle Toarcian
Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum					Early Toarcian	182.9 *
Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni	184.2
Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	192.9
Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian	Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		227
			Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
				Griesbachian		251.4 *
				Griesbachian		Kathwai		251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai		251.902
								252.4 *
						Chhidru		252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian			Chhidru		254.14
						Kalabagh		255 *
						Wargal		256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
								265.3 *
						Amb		266.1 *
			Roadian			Amb		266.9
			Roadian					270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian					Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian						305.9
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian				Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani		431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani		433.4
			Telychian				Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian				Adavere		438.5
			Aeronian				Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian				Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian			443.8
			Katian		445.2		Bolindian
					Eastonian		449 *
					Gisbornian		452 *
			Sandbian		Gisbornian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian		458.4
			Dapingian		Yapeenian		467.3
			Dapingian		Castlemainian		468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian		470
					Bendigonian		471.8 *
					Lancefieldian		473.5 *
			Tremadocian		Lancefieldian		477.7
			Tremadocian		Warendian		482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
			Jiangshanian				489.5
			Paibian				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				497
			Drumian				500.5
Wuliuan			504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	509
Series 2		Stage 3	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †			Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †			Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635