PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Britain		Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous of North America	Permian of the Salt Range
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian							100.5
				Middle Albian							106.2 *
				Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian							113
		Aptian		Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian							139.8
				Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
				Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian							174.7
				Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
				Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian		Sevatian							208.5
				Alaunian							213.2 *
				Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian							227
		Carnian		Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian							237
		Ladinian		Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian							242
				Pelsonian							243.8 *
				Bithynian							244.7 *
				Aegean							245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian							247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian							251.2
				Griesbachian							251.4 *
				Griesbachian						Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Kathwai	251.902
											252.4 *
										Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian								Chhidru	254.14
										Kalabagh	255 *
										Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
											265.3 *
										Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian								Amb	266.9
		Roadian									270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †			Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Mapingian †			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10						Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					St Davids		497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
											538.8