PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Mesozoic Subages		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cambrian of China		Devonian Subages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian													Bumbanian	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Gashatan		56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian												100.5
				Middle Albian												106.2 *
				Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian												113
		Aptian		Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian												139.8
				Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
				Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras						168.2
				Late Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
				Early Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
										Planulata						179.3 *
												Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
				Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
										Kanense						181.3 *
										Carlottense						182.3 *
				Early Toarcian						Carlottense						182.9 *
				Early Toarcian						Kunae						183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Kunae						184.2
										Freboldi						185.1 *
										Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras					189.2 *
										Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis					190.3 *
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian												192.9
										Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras				196.4 *
										Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian		Sevatian												208.5
				Alaunian												213.2 *
				Lacian												216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian												227
		Carnian		Julian												233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian												237
		Ladinian		Fassanian												239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian												242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian			303.7
				Khamovnikian			304.8
				Krevyakinian			305.8 *
				Krevyakinian			305.9
		Moscovian		Myachkovian			307
				Podolskian			308.9 *
				Kashirian			311.4 *
				Vereian			313.8
				Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian			315.2
				Cheremshanian			316.9 *
				Prikamian			318.6 *
				Severokeltmian	319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
				Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian	323.2
				Protvian	324.4 *
				Steshevian	326.8 *
				Tarusian	329 *
		Visean		Venevian	330.9
				Mikhailovian	331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian		358.9
					Middle Famennian		365.3 *
					Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian		372.2
					Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
					Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian		382.7
					Middle Givetian		383.7 *
					Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian		410.8
					Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare				423
		Ludfordian	Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani				433.4
		Telychian	Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian				Gamachian		443.8
		Katian					Gamachian		445.2
							Richmondian		446 *
						Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
						Edenian			450.4 *
			Mohawkian			Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian				Chatfieldian			453
						Turinian			453.7 *
			Whiterockian				Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian				Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian			Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean					477.7
						Stairsian					480.3 *
						Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Skullrockian	Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †				485.4
		Stage 10					Niuchehean						487.5
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian					Paibian						494
		Paibian					Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian		Wangcunian †				497
		Drumian					Drumian		Wangcunian †				500.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3					Nangaoian						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian						521
		Fortunian					Meishucunian						529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian						530.7
																538.8