PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian Epochs	Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran				0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Chibanian								Castlecliffian				0.34
		Calabrian								Castlecliffian				0.774
		Calabrian								Nukumaruan				1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan				1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Villanyian		Mangapanian				2.58
								Villanyian		Waipipian				3
								Ruscinian						3.1 *
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean								Opoitian				3.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Turolian	Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
								Vallesian						8.7
								Vallesian	Southland	Waiauan				11.04
		Serravallian						Astaracian		Waiauan				11.63
		Serravallian								Lillburnian				13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian				13.82
										Clifdenian				15.1
									Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian						Orleanian		Altonian				15.98
								Orleanian		Otaian				18.7
								Agenian						20
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian				21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian				23.03
										Duntroonian				25.2
										Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
									Arnold	Runangan				34.6
										Kaiatan				36.7
		Bartonian								Kaiatan				37.71
		Bartonian								Bortonian				39.1
		Lutetian								Bortonian				41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
										Heretaungan				45.7
		Ypresian								Heretaungan				47.8
										Mangaorapan				48.9
										Waipawan				52
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Teurian				56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian								Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian								Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
										Mangaotanean				90.5
										Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian								Arowhanan				93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
										Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Motuan				100.5
										Urutawan				103.3
									Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian								Korangan				113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan		150
				Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian		Warepan		208.5
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian		227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian		Etalian		238
		Anisian		Etalian		242
		Anisian		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian			264.28
				Barettian			266
						Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian				Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian	273.01
				Mangapirian		Kubergandian	276
						Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian					283.5
				Telfordian			285
				Telfordian		Yakhtashian	286
						Yakhtashian	288.5
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian					Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean					Shangsian	330.9
		Visean					Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian			Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani			433.4
		Telychian			Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju			Porkuni		443.8
		Katian						Pirgu		445.2
								Vormsi		449.6 *
								Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
					Viru			Rakvere			450.6 *
								Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian						Keila		Idavere †	453
								Haljala			453.9
								Kukruse			456.4 *
								Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku			458.4
								Lasnamagi			458.9 *
								Aseri			460.4 *
					Oeland			Kunda			462.9 *
								Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg				477.7
								Varangu				481.3 *
								Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort		Late Cambrian			485.4
													486.3 *
				486.5
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
														538.8