PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of England		Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Nihewanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Yushean				2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
									Hemphillian						4.7
											Baodean				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
									Clarendonian						9.4
											Tunggurian				11.1
		Serravallian													11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian									Shanwangian				13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
									Hemingfordian						16.3
									Hemingfordian		Xiejiaan				16.9
									Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
									Whitneyan						29.5
									Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian							Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian							Bridgerian						47.8
									Wasatchian						50.5
									Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian						56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian							Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan										145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan										149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan										150
					Heterian										154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian	Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	266
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
				Telfordian	285
					288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
		Gzhelian				Virgilian	Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian				Missourian	Xiaodushanian	303.7
						Missourian	Dalaun	305.8 *
						Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan		315.2
						Morrowan		318.4 *
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian	Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
		Serpukhovian			Shangsian	Late Mississippian		330.8 *
		Visean			Shangsian	Middle Mississippian		330.9
					Jiusian			335 *
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian						Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian									Pirgu	445.2
											Vormsi	449.6 *
											Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
											Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian									Keila	Idavere †	453
											Haljala		453.9
											Kukruse		456.4 *
											Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Uhaku		458.4
											Lasnamagi		458.9 *
											Aseri		460.4 *
										Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
											Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
											Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian									Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian									Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
												Latorp †		470.1 *
											Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian									Hunneberg			477.7
			Varangu	481.3 *
			Pakerort	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort								485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Branchian	509
		Stage 3									Branchian	514
		Stage 3									Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
															538.8