PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Silurian of England		Ordovician of the Baltic				Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene										0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene										0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean		Early Pliocene										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian		Late Miocene										7.246
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene										11.63
		Langhian		Middle Miocene										13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene										15.98
		Aquitanian		Early Miocene										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene										33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene										37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene										41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene										56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian										Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
		Bajocian											Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian										Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
												Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
												Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian										Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian										Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian										Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												259.51
		Wordian												264.28
		Roadian												266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
		Artinskian												283.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian												293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												298.9
		Gzhelian	Xiaodushanian		300 *
		Kasimovian	Xiaodushanian		303.7
		Kasimovian	Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
			Huashibanian		318.5 *
			Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian		323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian		330.9
		Visean	Jiusian		335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian	358.9
					Middle Famennian	365.3 *
					Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian	372.2
					Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
					Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian	383.7 *
					Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
								Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
								Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku		458.4
								Lasnamagi		458.9 *
								Aseri		460.4 *
							Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg			477.7
								Varangu			481.3 *
								Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort	Late Cambrian			485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
														538.8