PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carboniferous of North America	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian									Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean									Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian									Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian									Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian									Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian									Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian									Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian									Agenian	20
		Aquitanian									Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan						56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Midian		259.51
		Wordian								Midian		264.28
		Wordian								Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian								Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian								Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian								Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian								Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian								Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †					Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian							298.9
		Gzhelian	Xiaodushanian		Virgilian							300 *
		Kasimovian	Xiaodushanian	Missourian	303.7
			Dalaun	Missourian	305.8 *
				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian		Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan	315.2
				Morrowan	318.4 *
			Huashibanian		318.5 *
			Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian	Chesterian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian		330.9
			Jiusian		335 *
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10				Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			St Davids		Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Branchian		Caerfai	Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 3			Branchian				514
		Stage 3			Placentian				517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
												538.8