PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of China	Ordovician of North America						Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian				0.0117
		Chibanian											Ionian				0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian												Pannonian			7.246
		Serravallian												Sarmatian			11.63
		Serravallian												Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian															259.51
		Wordian															264.28
		Roadian															266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian															273.01
		Artinskian															283.5
		Sakmarian															290.1
		Asselian															293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian															298.9
		Gzhelian	Xiaodushanian														300 *
		Kasimovian	Xiaodushanian														303.7
		Kasimovian	Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
			Huashibanian	318.5 *
			Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Bolindian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Richmondian				446 *
								Eastonian			449 *
									Berounian		449.7 *
							Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian					450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
								Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian										453
							Turinian					453.7 *
							Turinian					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Whiterockian					Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
										Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian							458.4
									Dobrotivian						458.5 *
									Oretanian						459.7 *
										Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian						Yapeenian		Klabava †					467.3
								Yapeenian	Arenigian						468
								Castlemainian							468.5 *
							Rangerian	Castlemainian							469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †						Cassinian †	Chewtonian	470
															Bendigonian	471.8 *
															Lancefieldian	473.5 *
							Tulean									473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean		Tremadocian							477.7
							Stairsian									480.3 *
							Skullrockian							Demingian †		482 *
														Demingian †	Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10														485.4
																	487.5