PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Units	Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia		Precambrian of Russia	Silurian Ages of Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene					0.0117
				Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene					0.129
				Calabrian						Early Pleistocene					0.774
				Gelasian						Early Pleistocene					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Villanyian		Late Pliocene					2.58
				Piacenzian				Ruscinian		Late Pliocene					3.1 *
				Zanclean				Ruscinian		Early Pliocene					3.6
			Miocene	Messinian				Turolian		Late Miocene					5.333
				Tortonian				Turolian							7.246
				Tortonian				Vallesian							8.7
				Serravallian				Astaracian		Middle Miocene					11.63
				Langhian				Astaracian		Middle Miocene					13.82
				Burdigalian				Orleanian		Early Miocene					15.98
				Burdigalian				Agenian							20
				Aquitanian				Agenian							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene					23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene					27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene					33.9
				Bartonian						Middle Eocene					37.71
				Lutetian						Middle Eocene					41.2
				Ypresian						Early Eocene					47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene					56
				Selandian						Middle Paleocene					59.2
				Danian						Early Paleocene					61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian											208.5
				Carnian											227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian											259.51
				Wordian											264.28
				Roadian											266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
				Artinskian											283.5
				Sakmarian											290.1
				Asselian											293.52
				Asselian		Kuzel									297.7
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
				Xiaodushanian	300 *
					Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian			Stephanian A	303.7
						Cantabrian	305 *
				Dalaun			305.8 *
			Moscovian				307
					Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian			Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
				Huashibanian		Westphalian A	318.5 *
					Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
				Lousuan		Marsdenian	321.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian		Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
				Shangsian		Pendleian	330.8 *
			Visean	Shangsian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Jiusian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	335 *
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen	407.6
			Pragian				Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian						Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Tremadocian		477.7
	Tremadocian		Mansian †							483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian							Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian									489.5
			Aksaian									490.7 *
			Sakian									492.2 *
		Paibian										494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian									497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian									499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan									509
			Toyonian							Lenian †		510 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian									514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian									515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian							Manykaian †		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan	1375
															1400