PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of China	Permian of North America		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean	Late Pliocene	Villanyian		Tertiary †			2.58
		Piacenzian					Late Pliocene	Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean				Baodean	Early Pliocene						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene	Turolian					5.333
		Tortonian						Turolian					7.246
								Vallesian					8.7
						Tunggurian		Vallesian					11.1
		Serravallian				Tunggurian	Middle Miocene	Astaracian					11.63
		Langhian				Shanwangian	Middle Miocene	Astaracian					13.82
		Burdigalian				Shanwangian	Early Miocene	Orleanian					15.98
						Xiejiaan		Orleanian					16.9
								Agenian					20
		Aquitanian						Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene						33.9
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian					Middle Eocene						41.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene						56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Zechstein		Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian					Rotliegendes				259.51
		Wordian		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian								273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian								281.9 *
		Artinskian	Autunian		Hessian				283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian				286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian				290.1
		Asselian			Nealian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian			303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
									Huashibanian			318.5 *
									Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Dewunian			323.2
		Serpukhovian							Shangsian			330.8 *
		Visean							Shangsian			330.9
		Visean							Jiusian			335 *
		Tournaisian							Tangbagouan			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †	497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †		504.5
													509