PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of China	Permian of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian														Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian															11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian												33.9
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan												37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian				Bumbanian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan												56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian													251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian													253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian								Longtanian †					254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian								Longtanian †					257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan													259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian													264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian													266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian													273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian													283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian													285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian													290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian													293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian															298.9
			Xiaodushanian				300 *
							300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Kasimovian	Dalaun				305.8 *
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
			Huashibanian				318.5 *
			Lousuan				321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian				323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian				330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian				330.9
		Visean	Jiusian				335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
								Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
								Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku		458.4
								Lasnamagi		458.9 *
								Aseri		460.4 *
							Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg			477.7
								Varangu			481.3 *
								Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4												Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3		514										Dyeran
				Montezuman										514.8 *
				Begadean										519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																	538.8