PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of China	Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Permian of the Salt Range	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Nihewanian							Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian											Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian											Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian											Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian											Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian											Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean				Tertiary †			Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian											Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean											Chapadmalalan				3.6
													Montehermosan				3.7 *
						Baodean							Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
													Chasicoan				7.9 *
													Mayoan				9.9 *
													Laventan				10.9 *
						Tunggurian											11.1
		Serravallian															11.63
		Serravallian											Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian				Shanwangian							Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian											Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian											Friasian				15.98
													Santacrucian				16.2 *
						Xiejiaan							Santacrucian				16.9
													Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian											Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian											Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
		Rupelian											Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian											Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian											Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Lutetian											Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian											Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian											Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Riochican				56
													Itaboraian				56.9 *
													Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian											Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian													100.5
				Middle Albian													106.2 *
				Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian													113
		Aptian		Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian													139.8
				Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
				Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Late Kimmeridgian											Kawhia	Ohauan	150
			Early Kimmeridgian	152.2 *												Ohauan
			Early Kimmeridgian	Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Late Toarcian	Herangi			Ururoan	176
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour			Otapirian	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian				Oretian	227
			Tuvalian	Gore			Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
			Longobardian			Etalian	238
			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
			Aegean			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
			Smithian				248.9 *
			Smithian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian	Kathwai		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai				251.902
								252.4 *
				Chhidru				252.9 *
							Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
							Puruhauan		254.2
				Kalabagh					255 *
				Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
								Barettian	266
				Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian		Amb					266.9
		Roadian							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian						Mangapirian	283.5
								Telfordian	285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
		Asselian							Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
										Xiaodushanian	300 *
									Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A						301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Stephanian A						303.7
					Cantabrian						305 *
										Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian									307
					Westphalian				Westphalian D		307.4 *
									Westphalian C		309.8
									Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B		315.2
									Westphalian A		317 *
									Westphalian A	Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Namurian				Yeadonian		318.8 *
									Marsdenian		320.2 *
									Marsdenian	Lousuan	321.2 *
									Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
									Alportian		322 *
									Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian	Dewunian	323.2
									Arnsbergian		324 *
									Pendleian		327.4 *
									Pendleian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean			Warnantian				Brigantian †	Shangsian	330.9
					Warnantian				Brigantian †	Jiusian	335 *
					Livian				Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan				Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan				Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †		504.5
																	509