PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of China	Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Units	Permian of North America		Silurian of North America		Ordovician of Britain			Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Calabrian												Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Gelasian												Early Pleistocene	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Villanyian								Late Pliocene	2.58
				Piacenzian				Ruscinian								Late Pliocene	3.1 *
				Zanclean				Ruscinian								Early Pliocene	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian				Turolian								Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian				Turolian									7.246
				Tortonian				Vallesian									8.7
				Serravallian				Astaracian								Middle Miocene	11.63
				Langhian				Astaracian								Middle Miocene	13.82
				Burdigalian				Orleanian								Early Miocene	15.98
				Burdigalian				Agenian									20
				Aquitanian				Agenian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												Late Eocene	33.9
				Bartonian												Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian												Middle Eocene	41.2
				Ypresian												Early Eocene	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian												Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian												Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
				Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian											100.5
						Middle Albian											106.2 *
						Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian		Late Aptian											113
				Aptian		Early Aptian											119.5 *
				Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian		Late Berriasian											139.8
						Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
						Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
				Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
				Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
				Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian		Late Bajocian											168.2
				Bajocian		Early Bajocian											168.6 *
				Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian											174.7
						Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
						Early Toarcian											182.9 *
				Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian		Sevatian											208.5
						Alaunian											213.2 *
						Lacian											216.7 *
				Carnian		Tuvalian											227
				Carnian		Julian											233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian		Wordian	264.28
			Roadian		Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
			Kungurian			Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian			Hessian		283.5
			Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
			Sakmarian			Lenoxian		290.1
			Asselian			Nealian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
								Huashibanian	318.5 *
								Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian					Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean					Shangsian	330.9
			Visean					Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
									Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
									Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian			Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian				Lockportian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian			Jaani	433.4
			Telychian							Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian								438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Raikkula		439.4 *
							Medinan		Clinton			440.1 *
												440.7 *
			Rhuddanian									440.8
			Rhuddanian							Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian									Rawtheyan	445.2
												Cautleyan	448.9 *
												Pusgillian	449.3 *
											Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
												Cheneyan		451.5 *
												Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian											453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
												Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
												Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Darriwilian	461.3 *
Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Dapingian	467.3
Arenig			Dapingian	Fennian							468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Fennian							470
				Whitlandian							471.1 *
				Moridunian							474.3 *
Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian							477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian							480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			509
	Series 2	Stage 3			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †			571.7 *
																	635