PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127681 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of China	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of the Baltic				Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages			Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian																Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian																Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian																Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian																Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian																Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian																Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian																Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian																Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian																Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian																Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian																Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian																Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian																Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Late Albian				100.5
															Middle Albian				106.2 *
															Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian													Late Aptian				113
		Aptian													Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian				139.8
															Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
															Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian													Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian													Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian													Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian														Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian													Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras											Late Bajocian				168.2
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense											Late Bajocian				168.4
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense											Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni											Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta											Late Toarcian				174.7
				Planulata															179.3 *
						Arnioceras arnouldi													179.8 *
															Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Kanense															181.3 *
				Carlottense															182.3 *
				Carlottense											Early Toarcian				182.9 *
				Kunae											Early Toarcian				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae											Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
				Freboldi															185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras														186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras														189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis														190.3 *
		Sinemurian													Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian				Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian	227
		Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
		Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian					Wordian	264.28
		Roadian					Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian							Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean							Shangsian	330.9
		Visean							Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian							Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Harju	Porkuni	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian									Pirgu	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
											Vormsi	Kralodvorian		449.6 *
											Vormsi	Berounian		449.7 *
											Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere				450.6 *
											Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian			Keila						Idavere †			453
					Haljala									453.9
			Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	Haljala									456.2 *
					Kukruse									456.4 *
					Uhaku						Aluoja †			457.5 *
			Liben †											458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
												Dobrotivian		458.5 *
					Lasnamagi							Dobrotivian		458.9 *
					Lasnamagi							Oretanian		459.7 *
					Aseri									460.4 *
			Sarka †		Aseri									461.7 *
					Oeland					Kunda				462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
										Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Klabava †												467.3
												Arenigian			468
										Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
						Latorp †								470.1 *
										Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian							Hunneberg				477.7
										Varangu				481.3 *
										Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth			Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				Pakerort					Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
						Festiniogian											489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				Festiniogian									Jiangshanian		489.5
		Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian	493.1 *								Jiangshanian
		Paibian					Paibian	494
		Paibian					Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian							494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †							497
		Drumian					Drumian	Wangcunian †							500.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai				Duyunian								509
	Series 2	Stage 3					Nangaoian								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian								521
		Fortunian					Meishucunian								529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian								530.7
																			538.8