PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of China	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean						Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean						Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian						Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Tertiary †						2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian					Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
							Hemingfordian							16.3
							Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
							Whitneyan							29.5
							Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian							47.8
							Wasatchian							50.5
							Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian					Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites										168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum									168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense									174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum	182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni	184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †			298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
									Dalaun	305.8 *
										305.9
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian							Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean							Shangsian	330.9
		Visean							Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian							Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan				487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan				489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean				493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †	Marjumian				Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †		Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †		Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran			Waucoban †				509
		Stage 4			Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran							514
				Montezuman	514.8 *
				Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
														538.8