PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Australia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia						Devonian of Germany	Silurian of North America		Permian Subages of Germany
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †														2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Serravallian																	11.63
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian										33.9
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan										37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan										56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian																	184.2
		Sinemurian																	192.9
		Hettangian																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †												Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian																Leine	264.28
		Roadian																	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																	273.01
		Artinskian																	283.5
		Sakmarian																	290.1
		Asselian																	293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel																297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel																298.9
			Stephanian	Stephanian C															300.3 *
				Stephanian B															300.9 *
				Stephanian A															301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Stephanian A															303.7
		Kasimovian		Cantabrian															305 *
		Moscovian		Cantabrian															307
			Westphalian	Westphalian D			307.4 *
				Westphalian C			309.8
				Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B			315.2
				Westphalian A			317 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian			318.8 *
				Marsdenian			320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
				Alportian			322 *
				Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian			323.2
				Arnsbergian			324 *
				Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †			330.9
			Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian		393.3
		Pragian			Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
							Eastonian			Richmondian	449 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
							Gisbornian					452 *
		Sandbian										453
										Turinian		453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian						458.4
		Dapingian				Yapeenian	467.3
						Castlemainian	468.5 *
						Castlemainian	Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
						Bendigonian							471.8 *
						Lancefieldian							473.5 *
									Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
						Warendian						Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian												Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan												Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan												Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4														Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3														Dyeran	514
																Montezuman	514.8 *
																Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian															529
																			538.8