PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of China			Devonian of Eastern North America		Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian									0.0117
		Chibanian			Lujanian									0.129
		Chibanian			Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian			Ensenadan									0.774
		Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean									2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan									3.6
					Montehermosan									3.7 *
					Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian											Pannonian	7.246
					Chasicoan									7.9 *
					Mayoan									9.9 *
					Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian											Sarmatian	11.63
													Badenian	12.8 *
					Colloncuran								Badenian	13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian			Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian									15.98
					Santacrucian									16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
		Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian									20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican									28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Tinguirirican									33.9
		Priabonian			Divisaderan									35.9 *
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian			Mustersan									41.9 *
		Ypresian			Mustersan									47.8
		Ypresian			Casamayoran									47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican									56
					Itaboraian									56.9 *
					Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan									62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
			Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian		Cantabrian	307
			Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
			Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian		Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †		Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian			Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *	Early Mississippian
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean	Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Southwoodian		Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Southwoodian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian						Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian							Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian							Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
														485.4