PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127472 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		South American Land Mammal Ages		Silurian of England		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America				Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian								Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian			Lujanian								Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Chibanian			Ensenadan								Middle Pleistocene						0.3 *
		Calabrian			Ensenadan								Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †													1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean					Tertiary †			Late Pliocene						2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan								Late Pliocene						2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan								Early Pliocene						3.6
					Montehermosan														3.7 *
					Huayquerian														4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
					Chasicoan														7.9 *
					Mayoan														9.9 *
					Laventan														10.9 *
		Serravallian			Laventan								Middle Miocene						11.63
		Serravallian			Colloncuran														13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran														13.82
		Langhian			Friasian														15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian								Early Miocene						15.98
					Santacrucian														16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian														17.4 *
		Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian														20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan														20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene						27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican								Early Oligocene						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Tinguirirican								Late Eocene						33.9
		Priabonian			Divisaderan								Late Eocene						35.9 *
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Lutetian			Mustersan														41.9 *
		Ypresian			Mustersan								Early Eocene						47.8
		Ypresian			Casamayoran								Early Eocene						47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican								Late Paleocene						56
					Itaboraian														56.9 *
					Peligran														58.9 *
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan								Early Paleocene						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian																Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian																	184.2
		Sinemurian																	192.9
		Hettangian																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel		298.9
				Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian				Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec		Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian			Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian			Wych			Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian									Gamachian	445.2
											Richmondian	446 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian		450.4 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian									Chatfieldian		453
											Turinian		453.7 *
										Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
		Dapingian												467.3
		Dapingian	Rangerian								469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian							Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian								Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian								Tulean				Ungurian	477.7
										Stairsian					480.3 *
										Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Skullrockian	Batyrbaian				485.4
		Stage 10													487.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
											Aksaian				490.7 *
											Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian									Sakian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Ayusokkanian				Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian														499.5
		Drumian									Zhanaarykian					500.5
		Drumian									Tuesaian					503
		Wuliuan									Tuesaian					Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan														Stage 5 †	505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4															509
											Toyonian						510 *
											Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3									Botomian						514
		Stage 3									Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Tommotian						521
																			525.5