PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of China	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of North America		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian							0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Yushean					2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
					Hemphillian							4.7
							Baodean					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
					Clarendonian							9.4
							Tunggurian					11.1
		Serravallian										11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian					Shanwangian					13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
					Hemingfordian							16.3
					Hemingfordian		Xiejiaan					16.9
					Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
					Whitneyan							29.5
					Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian							47.8
					Wasatchian							50.5
					Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian			Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian			273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian			283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian			285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian			290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian			Bursumian †		293.52
		Asselian				Bursumian †		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian			298.9
									300.1
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Missourian		Stephanian A	303.7
						Missourian		Cantabrian	305 *
						Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian							307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
						Atokan		Westphalian C	312.7 *
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
						Morrowan		Westphalian A	318.4 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2		Chokierian
						Arnsbergian		324 *
						Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Meramecian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	335.8 *
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
					Osagean	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	Ivorian		346.7
					Kinderhookian	Ivorian		351.9 *
					Kinderhookian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian		494						Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian					Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran					Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	514	Dyeran
			Montezuman	514.8 *
			Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
												538.8