PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Units	Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Precambrian of Russia	Silurian Ages of Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene						0.0117
				Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene						0.129
				Calabrian					Early Pleistocene						0.774
				Gelasian					Early Pleistocene						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian		Late Pliocene						2.58
				Piacenzian			Ruscinian		Late Pliocene						3.1 *
				Zanclean			Ruscinian		Early Pliocene						3.6
			Miocene	Messinian			Turolian		Late Miocene						5.333
				Tortonian			Turolian								7.246
				Tortonian			Vallesian								8.7
				Serravallian			Astaracian		Middle Miocene						11.63
				Langhian			Astaracian		Middle Miocene						13.82
				Burdigalian			Orleanian		Early Miocene						15.98
				Burdigalian			Agenian								20
				Aquitanian			Agenian								20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene						23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene						27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene						33.9
				Bartonian					Middle Eocene						37.71
				Lutetian					Middle Eocene						41.2
				Ypresian					Early Eocene						47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene						56
				Selandian					Middle Paleocene						59.2
				Danian					Early Paleocene						61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian											208.5
				Carnian											227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian											259.51
				Wordian											264.28
				Roadian											266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
				Artinskian											283.5
				Sakmarian											290.1
				Asselian											293.52
				Asselian	Kuzel										297.7
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9	Kuzel
				Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
					Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian		Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian		Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian		Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian		Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
			Pragian				Siegen	407.6
			Pragian			Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
			Tremadocian						477.7
			Tremadocian						Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian			489.5
									Aksaian			490.7 *
									Sakian			492.2 *
	Paibian		494
	Paibian		Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian								494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian								497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan								509
			Toyonian						Lenian †		510 *
			Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian								514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian								521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian						Manykaian †		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan	1375
															1400