PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Britain				Silurian Ages of Europe	Devonian of France	Devonian Subages	Permian of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian									11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
						Hemingfordian									16.3
						Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
						Whitneyan									29.5
						Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian									47.8
						Wasatchian									50.5
						Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian									56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian				Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian	293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
					300.1
				Stephanian	Stephanian C		300.3 *
					Stephanian B		300.9 *
					Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Stephanian A		303.7
		Kasimovian			Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian			Cantabrian		307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
					Westphalian C		309.8
					Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B		315.2
					Westphalian A		317 *
				Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
					Marsdenian		320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
					Alportian		322 *
					Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian		323.2
					Arnsbergian		324 *
					Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	Late Givetian	Srbsko	382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian				Couvinien	Late Eifelian	Chotec	387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian	Chotec	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Emsian					Early Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian	398.3 *
		Pragian					Pragian	Pragian	407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien	Pragian	Pragian	408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian	Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian									Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian											453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian								Aurelucian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn							Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig							Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Fennian			470
										Whitlandian			471.1 *
										Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc							Migneintian			477.7
			Tremadoc							Cressagian			480.8 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8