PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian Epochs	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Permian of North America		Cambrian of Australia	Cambrian of North America		Permian of Western Europe	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean											Yushean	3.6
		Zanclean											Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian											Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian											Tunggurian	11.63
		Langhian											Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian											Shanwangian	15.98
		Burdigalian											Xiejiaan	16.9
		Aquitanian											Xiejiaan	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Melekhovian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										Zechstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian					Rotliegendes		259.51
		Wordian					Wordian							264.28
		Wordian				Noginskian	Wordian							264.9 *
		Roadian					Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian						273.01
						Pavlovoposadian		Cathedralian						276.8 *
								Hessian						281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian				Autunian		283.5
			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
					Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Nealian		293.52
		Asselian		Nealian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
						Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian					303.7
					Khamovnikian					304.8
					Khamovnikian				Cantabrian	305 *
					Krevyakinian					305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian			Middle Pennsylvanian		307
					Myachkovian	Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Podolskian				Westphalian D	308.9 *
					Podolskian				Westphalian C	309.8
					Kashirian					311.4 *
					Vereian					313.8
					Vereian				Westphalian B	314.6
					Melekessian					314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian			Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
					Cheremshanian					316.9 *
					Cheremshanian				Westphalian A	317 *
					Prikamian				Westphalian A	318.6 *
					Prikamian	Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Severokeltmian				Yeadonian	319.9 *
					Severokeltmian				Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian				Marsdenian	321.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian				Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Voznesenian				Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian			Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
					Zapaltjubian				Arnsbergian	324 *
					Protvian					324.4 *
					Steshevian					326.8 *
					Steshevian				Pendleian	327.4 *
					Tarusian				Pendleian	329 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †		Venevian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
								Mikhailovian		331.9 *
								Aleksinian		333.7 *
								Tulian		335.8 *
					Livian	Asbian †		Tulian		336.3 *
					Livian	Asbian †		Bobrikian		339.9 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		Bobrikian		340.2 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian			Kosvian	Early Mississippian	346.7
								Kizelian		350.7 *
								Cherepetian		351.9 *
					Hastarian			Cherepetian		353.7 *
								Karakubian		354.4 *
								Upinian		356.3 *
								Malevkian		357.6 *
								Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian	Datsonian			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
				Payntonian						486.8 *
				Payntonian						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian		Iverian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian		Iverian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian		Idamean						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian	Mindyallan			Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian		Boomerangian							499
		Drumian		Undillan							500.5
		Drumian		Floran							503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian			Topazan				504.5
				Templetonian			Delamaran				506.5
				Ordian							507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian	Ordian						Waucoban †	509
											510.8 *
							Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran				514
							Montezuman				514.8 *
							Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
														538.8