PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian Subages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of the Pamirs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian								Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian								Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian								Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian								Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †							Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene	23.03
											Monroecreekian			23.1 *
											Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian									Geringian		Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian											Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene	47.8
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian										To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian										To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian		Midian	264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian		Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian		Asselian	293.52
		Asselian		Asselian	Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel		298.9
					Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
							Middle Famennian			365.3 *
							Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian	Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
							Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
							Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian	Givetian	Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian			383.7 *
							Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian		Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Emsian					Early Emsian		Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian					Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Pragian					Pragian	Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli									Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian								Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Jaani	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere							434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere							438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula							439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula							440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru							441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †						497
		Guzhangian								Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Branchian	509
		Stage 3									Branchian	514
		Stage 3									Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
														538.8