PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian Subages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian												Rancholabrean	0.129
														Irvingtonian	0.21
												Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
														Blancan	1.4
												Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian										Waipipian			3
		Zanclean										Waipipian			3.6
												Opoitian			3.7
												Opoitian		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
														Clarendonian	9.4
											Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian													11.63
														Barstovian	12.5
												Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian			13.82
												Clifdenian			15.1
											Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
														Arikareean	18.5
												Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian			23.03
												Duntroonian			25.2
												Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian												Chadronian	33.9
											Arnold	Runangan			34.6
												Kaiatan			36.7
														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													37.71
												Bortonian			39.1
														Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
												Heretaungan			45.7
														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian													47.8
												Mangaorapan			48.9
												Mangaorapan		Wasatchian	50.5
												Waipawan		Wasatchian	52
												Waipawan		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian												Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian												Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian												Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian												Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian												Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian			323.2
					Arnsbergian			324 *
					Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
				Middle Givetian					383.7 *
				Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian				Chotec	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian				393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian				398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian	Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	Lochkovian				410.8
			Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian	Bolindian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Kralodvorian	Eastonian		449 *
								Berounian	Eastonian		449.7 *
									Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian				458.4
						Dobrotivian		458.5 *
						Oretanian		459.7 *
								Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †	Yapeenian			467.3
						Arenigian			Yapeenian			468
									Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian			470
									Bendigonian			471.8 *
									Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadocian			Lancefieldian			477.7
		Tremadocian				Tremadocian			Warendian			482.8 *
															485.4