PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian Subages	Carboniferous of China	European Faunal Units	Permian Subages of Germany	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of North America					Permian of the Pamirs
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian			Tertiary †									2.58
		Piacenzian					Ruscinian												3.1 *
		Zanclean					Ruscinian												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian												5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian												7.246
		Tortonian					Vallesian												8.7
		Serravallian					Astaracian												11.63
		Langhian					Astaracian												13.82
		Burdigalian					Orleanian												15.98
		Burdigalian					Agenian												20
		Aquitanian					Agenian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																	33.9
		Bartonian																	37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian																	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																	56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian																	184.2
		Sinemurian																	192.9
		Hettangian																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Buntsandstein										Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Buntsandstein			Longtanian †							Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Ohre/Aller										Midian	259.51
		Wordian						Leine										Midian	264.28
		Wordian						Leine										Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian																Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian																Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian																Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian																Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian																Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian																Asselian	293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel															Asselian	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																	298.9
				Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
					Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Stephanian A	303.7
					Cantabrian	305 *
				Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian				307
			Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
				Huashibanian	Westphalian A	318.5 *
			Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
				Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
				Shangsian	Pendleian	330.8 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Shangsian	Brigantian †	330.9
			Warnantian	Jiusian	Brigantian †	335 *
			Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian		Tangbagouan	346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		Tangbagouan	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian		358.9
					Middle Famennian		365.3 *
					Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian		372.2
					Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
					Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian		Srbsko		382.7
					Middle Givetian				383.7 *
					Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian		Chotec		387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian		Chotec		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian		398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian		Lochkovian		410.8
					Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian							Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian												Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan												Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan												Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4														Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3														Dyeran	514
																Montezuman	514.8 *
																Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian															529
																			538.8