PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Russian Platform		Devonian of France	Cambrian of Australia	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	European Faunal Units	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Nihewanian			0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Yushean	Villanyian		2.58
		Piacenzian										Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean									Baodean			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										Turolian		5.333
		Tortonian										Turolian		7.246
												Vallesian		8.7
											Tunggurian	Vallesian		11.1
		Serravallian									Tunggurian	Astaracian		11.63
		Langhian									Shanwangian	Astaracian		13.82
		Burdigalian									Shanwangian	Orleanian		15.98
											Xiejiaan	Orleanian		16.9
												Agenian		20
		Aquitanian										Agenian		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan								145
		Kimmeridgian			Oteke	Puaroan								149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan								150
						Heterian								154.5
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan								164.3
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan								176
		Pliensbachian				Ururoan								184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran								188.9
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian								201.4
		Norian				Warepan								208.5
						Otamitan								217
						Oretian								221
		Carnian				Oretian								227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan								227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan								237
		Ladinian				Etalian								238
		Anisian				Etalian								242
		Anisian	Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian	Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
				Puruhauan	254.2
				Puruhauan	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian		Urzhumian	266
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
				Mangapirian		Irenian/Ufimian	276
						Filipovian	276.5 *
						Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
				Telfordian		Sarginian	285
						Irginian	285.9 *
						Burtsevian	287.8 *
						Burtsevian	288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
						Surenian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean					Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian					Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian					Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Pragian							Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
										Payntonian		486.8 *
										Payntonian		Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Iverian		Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Iverian		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Idamean		Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Mindyallan	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian								Boomerangian			499
		Drumian								Undillan			500.5
		Drumian	Floran	503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian	Topazan						504.5
			Templetonian	Delamaran						506.5
			Ordian							507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian							Waucoban †	509
											510.8 *
				Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran	514
				Montezuman	514.8 *
				Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
														538.8